For the past three decades various kinds of studies have shown the health hazard posed to Kigali City residents. This danger comes from untreated human waste and industrial discharges dumped into Rivers Nyabugogo and Nyabarongo, as well as into Rwanzekuma and Kibumba that feed Nyabugogo. These studies include the following:
· G. Brenniman, W. Hallenbeck, L. Twagirimana, and J. Gasana, “Industrial discharges of metals in Kigali, and the impact on drinking water quality”, Environ. Contam. Toxicol., vol. 58, pp. 523–526, 1997.
· E. Nkuranga, “Heavy metal removal and accumulation by an Urban Natural Wetland: The Nyabugogo Swamp, Rwan”, MSc Thesis, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands, 2007. FULL STORY
